Typography & Typeface Design

Design Is everywhere. It may be a bit of click, but It Is definitely true. We live In an age of mass consumption and mass communication, and everywhere we look we can find examples of design. As an industrial design student l, naturally, tend to focus at product design, but there are of course many other design disciplines. However, there is one design discipline that I for some reason never perceived as design, until I was scribbling In my notepad one day. I was bored and drawing variations of the letter At first, it was just mindlessly doodling, but then I realized what I was actually doing.I wasn't just drawing the letter, I was designing it. It may sound Like a trivial discovery, but for me It was a revelation that Immediately triggered my curiosity. The truth is: typeface design is everywhere, and because of this it easy to forget that typefaces are products of design too. Somebody designed the logo of your favorite soft drink brand, somebody designed the font that is displayed on the â€Å"emergency exit† sign, and somebody designed the very letters you are looking at right now.Even In product design typefaces and typography can play a major role. Once I started to take notice of the amount f typography around me, it became almost overwhelming, and I couldn't help but starting to wonder. Who designed these typefaces and with what purpose? Where do they come from and how did they become such a big part of our everyday life? But above all, what can I as an industrial designer learn from studying this huge but for me uncharted design discipline?Typography In the middle of the desert HISTORY If we trace typography back to its roots, it is fair to say that it typography and typeface design emerged somewhere mid-1 5th century with the Introduction of movable type printing in always handwritten, but movable type printing allowed for new possibilities and systematic typography. Johannes Gutenberg designed the first typeface: Texture. The design was heavily influenced by the gothic style of the German area scribes. This style is called Gothic or Blacklisted.This new form of printing spread fast across Europe, and played a major role during the Renaissance. In Italy the German gothic style was replaced by the Venetian style, which was based on the instructional capitals on Roman buildings and monuments. These new typefaces were designed in a very structural way, and were very detailed and balanced. They soon became he main typeface for western civilization. The Italians also reintroduced the Roman concept of â€Å"minuscule†, or lowercase letters. The â€Å"minuscule† where kept in a case at low level easy access, while the capitals where kept in a case above that one.This is where the terms lowercase and uppercase come from, which are still used today. Eventually all these different elements melted together and these typefaces are referred to as Roman types. Late 15th century Italian printers realized that they could pri nt text in a slanted way, so that the vertical space a word occupied could be minimized. This way they could print more ext on a page. This style is called Italics, and is named after its place of origin: Italy. So in the early 16th century there where three main type classifications of Western typography: Roman, Blacklisted and Italic.However, people started combining Roman and Italic type, and nowadays Italics are often only used for emphasis, quotes and names or titles. During the 17th and 18th century typefaces evolved further, and typeface designers were experimenting with different stroke-weights and serif styles. Serifs are the little strokes at the end of characters In the 19th century the industrial revolution kook place. The rise of advertisement demanded for large-scale typefaces that Egyptian, or Slab-serifs, and were recognizable by their thick block like serifs.Early in the 20th century a new movement within typography emerged: modern typography. Modern typography was part of the modernist movement, which was a movement that strove for a new, modern interpretation of art, architecture, literature, etc. Modern typography strove for an universal form of communication, and by this is meant that they did not want the typeface to interfere with the message in any way: typefaces should be neutral, and their arm should be dictated by its function. They wanted information to be displayed in a visually linear and ordered way.One of the most characteristic developments of modern typography is the popularization of the sans-serif typefaces. Sans- serifs (literally â€Å"without serifs†) appeared as early as 500 B. C. , but modernists looked at them with new interest. They were clean, simple typefaces, and they lent themselves perfectly for the â€Å"function over form†- ideology of modern typographers. Gothic Roman Slab-serif Sans-serif Some modernist movements started to experiment with the form and placements of rods as well. Especially Dada ism experimented a lot with typography and pushed it in another direction.The Dada movement was a movement that rebelled against the established art forms. They deliberately avoided all logic and order in their works, and it is fair to say that the Dada typography was the counterpart of modern typography. Dadaist typography is characterized by the many use of different typefaces and letter sizes. Words were printed in both horizontal and vertical directions, random letters were placed throughout the poster and punctuation was often illogical. For Dadaists the form of the ext was more important than the message itself.A great example of this is the poem â€Å"Boom Pauses† of the Belgium poet Paul van Stained. Movement during the early 20th century. They started experimenting with shape of letters, trying to abstract them and build them up from basic shapes like circles and squares. These types are called geometrical typefaces. They were heavily influenced by the Dutch art move ment â€Å"De Still†. During WI, art forms where hindered in developing. Instead typography turned to propaganda posters for artistic outlet. Post WI typography developed at a rapid rate.After the war designers begin looking for a form of unification within design. This became the International, or Swiss style. It was characterized by the heavy use of sans-serifs, with a neutral and geometrical appearance. In the ass's the psychedelic movement emerged, which preferred on flowery ornamented typefaces, and distorted texts to mimic the effect of drugs, and even later styles such as â€Å"Grunge-typography' emerged. At the end of the 20th century computers started to appear in every household. With these computers came word processing software, and many default typefaces.It didn't take long or people to start experimenting with text and typefaces, and soon everybody started making their own typography. Especially with the arrival of internet DID typography became increasingly po pular, sometimes to the dissatisfaction of professional typographers. Think for instance of the controversy that surrounds Comic Sans. Nowadays, typography has become something that everybody does Looking at the background and history of typography we see that, although typeface design is a form of design, it is significantly influenced and used by different art movements throughout the years, which is a remarkable contrast.Design is a rational and orderly activity; designers structurally approach a design and follow certain rules when designing objects. In design it is often functionality that influences form. But in art, the form of an object is the aesthetic choice of the artist, and is not subordinate to functionality. Art does not follow a predetermined set of rules and the artist is free to experiment with form to his liking. In typography these two elements clash. On the typeface has a clear function: convey messages to the reader. But on the other hand the typographer is fre e to shape the letters in any way he desires.By doing so, the typeface itself can attain a certain â€Å"identity', and convey a message that goes beyond Just the displayed text. The Dadaist where the first to really experiment with this, and this may be further explained by looking at some famous typefaces. ANATOMY OF A TYPEFACE Before we dive deeper into typefaces and start to analyze them, it is important to understand some of the terminology of typeface design. Characters consist out of many parts, more than I am going to describe here, but the following are the most important and defining for a typeface. Arts of the specific letter, but each letter has a tern, which is the main body of the letter. What the elements attached to stern are called differs per letter. Typefaces are generally divided in serifs and sans serifs. Serifs are recognizable by the little extra stroke at the ends of characters, called a Serif. The lines that make up a character are called strokes. Strokes c an be modulated, which means they vary in thickness, or strokes can be modulated, which means they have the same thickness throughout the character. Well-designed typefaces are always designed within a structured grid.This grid consists out of multiple lines, in which the character is placed. The baseline is the line on which the characters â€Å"rest†. Parts of a character that extend below this line are called descendent, like for instance the bottom part of a â€Å"J†. So, as we can see, there are many different parts the typeface designer can use to give a typeface its identity. The height between the baseline and mainline is called the X-height. The Cap Height indicates the height from to baseline to the top of uppercase letters like H. Of most lowercase letters. Parts that extend above the mainline are called ascenders. He height from to baseline to the top of uppercase letters like H. A lot of letters have their own names for various IMPORTANT TYPEFACES THROUGHO UT HISTORY Now that we have acquired enough knowledge about typefaces and their history, let's take a better look at some (in)famous typefaces throughout history. Guttenberg Bible Texture (1452) Texture was, as mentioned, the first ever typeface. Texture was designed after the gothic style of the German scribes of that time. The strokes are modulated, and the serifs are very sharp and calligraphic. This is a great example off time related design.Anything you will type in this text will look medieval. Aloud Manumits' Roman (1495) A few decades later this typeface was designed in Italy. It defined the essential form of Roman types for the following three centuries. The characters have thick sterns and thinner â€Å"arms†, and very classical serifs. Because of their long existence, Roman typefaces tend to come across as a bit boring, and are often associated with formal and uninspired prints, like the â€Å"out of order†-sign you would hang on a bathroom door. Robert Gran dson's Civility (1557) This is one of the first typefaces that were designed from the ground up.It was made to look like calligraphy and show the qualities of quill riding, which was mimicked by using heavily modulated strokes and short ascenders and descendent. Note that the typeface is a sans-serif. The typeface expresses a sort of luxurious quality, while also displaying some old gothic features. This was the first slab serif font. It is characterized by its bold strokes and block-like serifs. It was popularized by the advertising industry, and it is not hard to see why. It is a typeface with a powerful look, and it's great for â€Å"yelling† at your audience.Kidney Grottoes (Hans Hoffmann, 1898) An early sans-serif that became the benchmark for future sans-serifs. It lived on to become evilly used in publications of Bauhaus and Swiss-style. Its modulated strokes and rational design gave it a neutral appearance, which made it one of the fundamental types of modern typeface design. Future (Paul Renee, 1927) This was the first truly geometrical sans serif. Renee put a lot of effort in modeling the lowercase letters into a very exact looking, mono-line appearance. As a result the typeface looks tight, simple and modern.Helvetica (Max Midrange/Eduardo Hoffmann, 1957) Comic Sans (Vincent Concern, 1994) Maybe the most beloved typeface of all time. It is a modulated sans serif, designed to be impolitely neutral. During the ass's, Helvetica became the face of corporate branding. Because of its neutrality, it is widely used in many different contexts: street name signs, subway signage, but also in graphic design. If you are walking in a city, you won't have to look far before you spot a text printed in Helvetica. It is so popular that even a feature length documentary was made about it.Comic Sans might Just be the most hated typeface ever created. Especially designers have a beef against this playful typeface. It was originally designed to be implemented in W indows 95 as part of Microsoft Bob, an animated dog hat provided help to Windows 95 users. It was based on the way classical comic book lettering. However, the typeface was not finished in time introduction of home printers, people at home started to experiment more with typography, and when they first laid eyes upon the funny looking Comic sans, they Just couldn't resist using it for their homemade wishing cards and flyers.As a result the typeface became insanely popular, and has stayed popular ever since. However, the truth is, it is not designed very well according the principles of typography, and especially since it is used so often in wrong contexts, typographers ant help but complain whenever they can. Entire essays have been written about the flaws of Comic Sans. New Alphabet (Wimp Cromwell, 1967) New alphabet is a geometric San serif, designed by Dutch graphic designer Wimp Cromwell as an experiment in 1967. It designed to deal with the limitations of early digital data dis plays.He wanted to adept his design to the technology, instead of adapting technologies to meet the design. Because the typeface consists of only vertical and horizontal strokes, some characters look a bit unconventional. With his experiment Cromwell sought the limitations of what we can perceive as readable. Comic Sans TYPEFACES IN CORPORATE BRANDING Heinlein (Heinlein) So we can conclude that different typefaces have different â€Å"identities. For many companies logos are very important. Often, an entire brand is created around a logo.Often these companies use certain typefaces as an additional tool of branding. By doing so, companies use the identities of a certain typeface to create or reinforce the identity of their brand. Here are some examples: Google (Actual BC) Backbone (Slovakia (Modified)) goes by the name Actual SQ. The Heinlein logo is developed especially for Heinlein. Note the â€Å"laughing† ex.'s as one of the rand's hallmarks. TIME Magazine (TIME) Ferreira (Offer Ross) Who doesn't recognize the clean white sans-serif on that blue background? Because of its thick Moline appearance, the Backbone logo looks fresh and modern.A very classy slab-serif that embodies Ferrier's characteristics: power and style. TIME magazine's logo consists out of four capitals. It looks like a classic Roman type but in a modern Jacket. The logo has something powerful, and makes you feel like that what you are about to read is very important. I have always been interested in graphic design and typography, which is one of the reasons I hose this sublet. It may be interesting to take a closer look at the my favorite typefaces and what they say about me. Next Light Gotcha Black Rockwell I Just love the no-nonsense factor of Gotcha.It is pretty powerful looking typeface, but also really simple and clean. This is the typeface I always use for titles and headers, but also for text that needs to pack some extra â€Å"punch†. My favorite slab-serif. It looks v ery solid, but the strokes are not too heavy. I especially like the way the serifs seem to be part of the stroke, and not Just added for esthetics purposes. Another simple typeface that I really love to use or smaller texts. It looks sleek and stylish, and really has a nice flow to it. This is a more elegant typeface. It the roundness of the characters give it a very friendly look.Code Light It may not look that impressive, but that is because it needs to be used with a pointiest (so letters need to be BIG). This typeface Just looks so incredibly light and has a high design-factor. There's Just something about this type that says: â€Å"good taste†. When I look at the selection I made it tells me something I already knew: I love minimalism. I don't want things to be as simple as possible; In design, but also in typography. However, thanks to all the knowledge I gained by writing this essay, I can go a bit deeper than that.For instance, I notice that I really prefer sans-serif s over serifs. These types are associated with modernism, and it might be worthwhile to investigate modernism some more. I have encountered this movement before, while searching for my vision and identity, and it is interesting to encounter it once again, although this time via my preferred typefaces. Now that we have seen the visual impact a typeface can have, it seems a logical conclusion that a typeface can be a powerful tool for a signer, if he wants it to be.Of course, typefaces can be chosen by Just picking one that looks about right, but they have much more potential than that. Not only can it be used to convey a certain message to the user, but designers can use typefaces as an expression of the identity of a product. It is interesting to see how typefaces have evolved over the past 500 years. From a medium to simply display information, to an art form which can hold the identity of an artist, or even an entire company, to a tool used by the masses to express their individua lism. It begs the question if industrial design might follow a

English Coursework: Macbeth Essay

Throughout the all of the play, we can see Macbeth’ s morals being questioned and his integrity slowly declining. The Soliloquies are the internal queries and conversations that Macbeth has with himself hence help us to see his moral fluctuations. In Act 1 Scene 3, Macbeth measures up the moral implications of the three witches prediction. â€Å"This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill, cannot be good†. It is also possible to see the first signs of Macbeth’ s ambition and determination, â€Å"two truths are told, as happy prologues to the swelling act†. This is the first of many inner debates to come throughout this play. Already Macbeth has thoughts of murder summering in his brain. â€Å"Whose murder yet is but fantastical?† He is thinking of it, but isn’t convinced yet that he will commit the crime. Most importantly he’s scared of what is going through his mind, and so at this point in the play, Macbeth retains moral dignity, which will soon dissipate and become greed. â€Å"Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair†. We can already see that his thoughts are perceived as supernatural, he doesn’t know what to make of his imaginings and feels that he is not human, â€Å"shakes so my single stare of man is smothered†. In Act 1 Scene 7 , Macbeth is reasoning with himself, starts of the soliloquy by saying that if he knew that all was going to go well, he would kill Duncan without hesitation. The words used in the first sentence helps the reader to recreate the confusion and difficulty with which Macbeth must make his decision, â€Å"If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well it were done quickly.†. He then counts down the reasons why he shouldn’t commit this crime, â€Å"Bloody instructions return to plague the inventor†, this is one of the more selfish reasons. Here Macbeth is saying that he shouldn’t kill Duncan because he will surely get punished later on, nothing seems to crawl into his mind at this point. At the end of this first soliloquy we can see the transition from a loyal man, to one with a mind riddled with immoral thoughts. The language used in this scene also helps to explain Macbeth’ s downfall. This soliloquy is put into two parts. In the first, we see the use of less brutal language: â€Å"assassination†, â€Å"surcease†, â€Å"the deed†. Here Macbeth avoids speaking plainly about what he is about to do. But towards the end of the second however, the language employed takes on a tone which sounds like the witches speech: â€Å"bloody†, â€Å"plague†. This shows us that Macbeth is really thinking about committing this act, he is becoming obsessed with the idea of killing the king. This shows that Macbeth has changed and has become a man with a seed of evil in his heart. In Act 3 Scene 1, Macbeth reveal his deepest thoughts. He feels that it is no use being kind unless he is safe from attack. Hence Macbeth asks that Banquo be dealt with: â€Å"Our fears in Banquo’ s stick deep†. This alone tells us that Macbeth has lost any sort of human logic, and has moved on to an animal where killing is a a must to stay alive, therefore having lost the moral equilibrium that he used to have. This is the part in the play where Macbeth seems to be be developing a schizophrenic quality in his personality. In Act 5 Scene 5, there is a slow speech. The slow pace of this soliloquy shows us that Macbeth is downhearted, it has a bitter aspect to it. This is the scene where Macbeth receives the news of his wife’s death. Instead of giving a sad soliloquy, Macbeth just hides his real emotions or has no love left for his deceased wife. To not show any sadness or shock proves us that Macbeth is past moral redemption and is stuck in the deep pit of corruption. He has no room in his heart of stone for anything other than things which concern him and his seat on the throne. â€Å"She would have died hereafter†. Even though at first glance Macbeth seems unfazed by his companion’s death, the fact that she died did actually affect him. It caused him to reflect on life. â€Å"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow†. He seems to have lost his drive and he might of realized that all this killing was pointless since everyone dies in the end, â€Å"to the last syllable of recorded time†. At the end of this speech we can see that Macbeth no longer has murder on his mind and seems to want to redeem himself, unlike at the beginning of the play.

An Evaluation of the Activities, Reading Books and Watching Movies

An Evaluation of the Activities, Reading Books and Watching Movies Books vs. Movies Which one is better reading a book or watching a movie? People always debate on whether reading a book is better than watching a movie. Movies are just a live action version of a book, but the movies tend to leave out a lot of details one can get from reading the book. Grant it, reading a book takes more time, but a person gets to tap into their imagination more from reading a book than watching a movie. Books are just as great as movies if not better because books have no time limit, give people a better understanding, and they have more detail. Reading a book has no time limit, whereas; movies have a certain time period to get finished in. The books that are made into movies usually do not turn out the way we want them to be. Movies can be ruined by bad actors. The length of the movies determines how much details from the book go into the movie. Sadly, movies are all about the actors more than the details from the book ever were. When reading a book maybe the reader’s imagination was not met when they watched the movie. While reading a book you get a better understanding of the characters thoughts, feelings, and actions because it is written throughout the book itself. Reading a book lets the reader’s imagination flow. When the reader taps into their imagination they can imagine what the book is like visually. One can picture the characters in their head. They can picture what the characters voices sound like. The reader can visualize the scenes and imagine what the places look like according to what they read. People can relate more to a book usually than a movie because books have more detail. Not all the details from reading a book can be pictured in the movies. Typically the movies are worse than the book. Details draw the readers in and the more details they gather the more intrigued they get. When people get intrigued they usually follow what intrigues them. So therefore if they are reading the first book throughout a series it will make them read the other books. When someone picks up a book that they like they tend to find other books that are like the book they read. Reading books are better than movies due to the fact of having no time limit, a better understanding, and way more details. Books draw the reader in more than when a person watches movie. People go watch a movie typically because of actors. Books and movies are both great but books will always last longer. Books have a higher demand than a movie ever will.

Psycology of Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Psycology of Diversity - Essay Example Usually their primary language is Spanish. Their daily life reflects Spanish heritage. The group ‘Hispanic’ was included in US census in the year 1970. A report in 2005 shows that hispanics form 14% and african american forms 13% in total US population. (USA Today, 2008) Ethnicity is very important to determine the psychological expressions of any individual or population. Ethnicity of a population can be discussed under many headings. But to understand the psychology of any race most important approaches the following traits are to be observed: (a) distinct similar behavior or attitude of individuals belonging to any particular race, (b) their feeling for their ethnicity or their feeling for their ethnic identity and (c) their adaptations through life experiences regarding their lesser power, social status, social discrimination etc. But one should keep it in mind that these approaches can be studied independently but to understand the population psychology all these approaches must be considered together. An African influence is vividly seen among the African-American families. Some of the very basic aspects of their culture can be traced back to that of the African people. Among them the worth mentioning ones are oral expression, perception of time, vitality of emotion and dependence on the inner members of a family. According to social anthropologist Jones, the African-American families show five elements in their lifestyle, and they are: improvisation, oral expression, spirituality, time and rhythm. These five elements are strong enough to define the whole black culture throughout the world, be it in the United States of America or in the dark continent of Africa itself. However, this kind of lifestyle has some factors in common with the Hispanic lifestyle as conformity, urge of sacrifice and interdependence are also the parts of the latter mentioned race. They have been noticed to stand by each other in times of personal

Registration law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Registration law - Essay Example The Lords held that this was a "functional design" (Amp, 1972) which did not "appeal to" nor was it "judged by the eye". The Lords proposed a number of general propositions that have become a part of established precedent: This definition of eye appeal was relaxed in the Gardex Ltd. v. Sorata Ltd. [1986] RPC 623 in which the court held that the design on the underside of a shower tray was not registrable. This, and similar cases, led to the 1988 amendment of the Act that stated that a design could not be registered if the "appearance of the article is not material" (Act, 1988, 1(3)). Thus aesthetic considerations are not normally taken into account to a material extent by persons acquiring or using a product or if the design were applied to the product: that design cannot be registered. The amendment had the important effect of removing from registration protection many everyday household items that would otherwise have been covered on the basis that their design is not solely dictated by function. Essentially, the onus was thus moved to the designer to prove the aesthetic importance of the design over functionality. Thus the Directive was designed not to harmonize all design law perfectly but rather to prevent discrepancies between national provisions that would stifle trade between member states. One of the reasons for the inclusion of the Directive within the 1949 Act is that the latter was seen as inflexible and uncommercial, especially considering the need for eye appeal, which was always rather amorphous and contentious issue. The new requirement is that the design falls within the definition of "design", that the design is new and that design exhibits

The Main Capabilities That Motivate LinkedIn Case Study

The Main Capabilities That Motivate LinkedIn - Case Study Example In 2011, the company’s revenues stood at $522.2 million making it the world’s largest professional network by 2012 (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 1). The company’s revenues and profits come from marketing solutions, premium subscriptions, and hiring solutions. LinkedIn became the first U.S social networking firm to participate in an IPO where it raised $270.2 million (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 1). LinkedIn has a mission to connect the world’s professionals to make them more productive and successful (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 3). Indeed, the company helps the members to access people, jobs, news, updates, and insights that help them to become good entrepreneurs (LinkedIn 2014). The company seeks to link about 640 million knowledge workers across the globe (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 4). LinkedIn has a vision to connect 640 million knowledge workers across the world (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 4). With such a promising mission and vision, the company attracts more than 5,400 full-time employees, 5.7 billion professionally oriented searches in 2012, and 186 million unique visitors in the first quarter of 2014 (LinkedIn Corporation 2014). The company enjoys about 36% of the online advertising market (Fawley 2013, p. 31-32). The company generated revenues from premium subscriptions (20%), marketing solutions (30%), and hiring solutions (50%) in 2011 (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 7-8). Most of its competitors could not match these revenues. LinkedIn adopts (R&D) Innovative product development to produce new products that will address market changes and customer needs. This defines a competitive advantage since other firms like Google + and Facebook are only applicable in specific occasions (Yoffie and Kind 2012, p. 1). This detailed strategic management analysis of LinkedIn Corporation addressed the internal and external environment of the company and identified the strategic challenges for the firm. Consequently, it proposed a set of rational options and derived the best applicable option that the company must adapt to survive in the competitive market.

Sexual Harassment in the Work Place Research Paper - 2

Sexual Harassment in the Work Place - Research Paper Example This paper highlights that the actions carried out include patting, touching the other person in sensitive areas like buttocks or breast area. The behaviors can also include the use of unwelcomed bodily contacts to the other party. Verbal behaviors can also be termed to be sexual harassment to some extent. The use of comments to the other person on their clothing, body or looks cold easily make the uncomfortable and this might not go down well with them. The use of offensive jokes especially if they are sexually oriented can also be included in this category of behaviors.From this study it is clear that non-verbal behaviors  can easily be confused with those of physical behaviors, non-verbal behaviors do not necessarily have to involve physical action. This category involves behaviors such as repeatedly glancing and staring at a person in a manner that makes him or her feel uncomfortable or even the use of obscene gestures towards other people. It might also involve the display of sexually suggestive photos and pictures that can humiliate or embarrass the other person. There are several ways that can be used I the prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace. Some prevention techniques might involve the use of legal actions in the court of law while others might involve the use of disciplinary measures that have been set by the organization. The following are some of the ways that can be used in the prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace.

Power Distance in Saudi Arabia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Power Distance in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example Your residents have no strong political tone of voice, as well as the guidelines of the territory tends to be chose with the king and no one from the common people can interfere in the decision making or choosing the leader.. From the family members, the particular folks tend to be near the top of the particular picking order, while the youngsters as well as youth tend to be in the bottom. This is the system of Saudi Arabia where power is strictly with the king and family and is passed on to the children. There are different aspects of this power distance and very important one which is prominent in Saudi Arabia is gender difference. Being conservative country females are not given any major rights and power is restricted to men. Saudi Arabia is a very modern country if we talk about technology and resources but it scores really low when it comes to equality and power distribution so on the basis of social equality and justice Saudi Arabia is far

Electronic Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Electronic Media - Essay Example The changes in newspaper industry for example is staggering as many newspaper companies nowadays have their own websites too, allowing the new generation of internet user to access the news anytime in their computers. As we have observed during the last few years, the readership of printed papers has declined considerably. More than 1 billion users of the internet all over the world, access the news through the net and the number is expected to rise in the years to come as young people prefer the convenience of Internet-based technologies in order to obtain news, information, and entertainment (Watkinson 67). Societies whose technology is well developed have now entered the digital age and industries are searching for new opportunities to take this chance to develop business. Although there are threats to this utilization of technology in the media to advance business, the melding together of various media - also referred to as 'convergence' causes furor among many technology users as it holds a lot of promise. The amalgamation of different medium, which 1incorporates personalized services could be overwhelming for many but is very exciting as well. The utilization of high-powered and high technology innovation in computers, switch to digital platforms and the construction of high-speed computer networks brought about novel ideas and methods of doing common and ordinary activities. Hindrances to achieving these, like time and space have been eradicated and media users can read, listen, watch anything or interact with someone anytime. The amalgamation of all mediums into one eliminated the problems of putting all technologies in the media together (Thorburn 122). The conglomeration of media corporations in the 1990's for example has brought convergence in ownership and resulted to, in the consumers' point of view, more exciting delivery systems of our favorite medium. Online newspapers now provide streaming video, TV has chat that is extremely interactive and even radio has camera's or telephone systems (Quinn 43). The advent of the very exciting 3G telephony has likewise brought new feeling of excitement and fascination as companies in the field of mass media could include videogames, news, entertainment and online communication. This is now referred to as 2'convergence media.' 3G (or 3-G) is the short terminology to refer to 'third-generation technology' which utilizes the technology of the mobile phone. The 3G technology has the capability to transfer both voice data and non-voice data such as access to information, email messaging system, instant messaging, internet browsing access, entertainment such as streaming audio and video, streaming movies, and real time TV access (Livingston 12). As of now, there are approximately 60 3G networks in 25 countries all over the globe and spans three continents: Asia, Europe, and North America.NTT DoCoMo - the biggest telecommunications company in Japan - in the early 21st century-one of the giant telecommunication companies in Japan-became the first an d leading company to initiate a commercial 3G system. Meanwhile, the introduction of 3G services in Europe started in the year 2003 (Serajul 25) . Currently, debates if the web and television will converge more in the future which will allow only one form of technology instead of the two forms and people in the future will not be able to distinguish the difference between the two. But in order for

Research proposal What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time

What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time Out policy in improving patient safety in the Operating Room '' - Research Proposal Example UP-14). In general, a surgical time-out policy is all about identifying the right patient, the right site where surgical procedure will be performed, observing the right body positioning, signing the consent form which strongly suggest that the patient has agreed to receive the said surgical procedure, and to ensure that special arrangements are made to get hold of a particular equipment needed to perform the surgery (Fry, 2008, p. UP-14). Often times, it is the registered nurse who is in-charge and is accountable for performing the surgical count of surgical items like cotton swabs, sponges, gauze, needles, blades, and scalpels among others (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench and Davies, 2009, p. 88). Miscommunication can happen among a group of healthcare professionals who are working within the operating room (Halverson et al., 2011). In line with this, several studies acknowledges that the process of using a â€Å"surgical safety checklist† as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is effective in terms of preventing the risks of mortality caused by human errors (Kasatpibal et al., 2012; van Klei et al., 2012; Conley et al., 2011). However, despite the process of continuously educating the healthcare professionals on how to accurately perform surgical time-out process, there are still some cases wherein the surgical team may fail to comply with the surgical time-out procedures (Gillespie et al., 2010). It is part of the duty and responsibility of healthcare professionals to continuously improve patient safety within the operating room. In line with this, the surgical team is normally composed of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and registered nurses. For this reason, the proposed research study aims to determine how well the surgical team in Hong Kong are able to adopt with the local hospitals’ surgical time-out policy. Specifically the main research objective is to test the

Strategic management Essay Example for Free

Strategic management Essay 1. Strategic management consists of the analysis, decisions, and actions an organization undertakes in order to create and sustain competitive advantages. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 #1 Learning Objective: 1 (p. 5) 2. Strategic management includes strategy analysis, strategy formulation, and strategy implementation. TRUE (p. 9-13) 3. According to the text, formulating strategy includes taking into consideration strategy at the business, international, digital, and corporate levels. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 (p. 11) 4. (p. 14) Symbiosis is the ability to recognize interdependencies among the interests of multiple stakeholders within and outside an organization. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 #6 Learning Objective: 3 5. (p. 15) Social responsibility is the idea that organizations are not only accountable to shareholders but also to the community-at-large. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 #7 Learning Objective: 3 6. (p. 14) Sears has developed a sophisticated quantitative model that can predict the relationship between employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial results. This is an example of a symbiotic approach to strategic management. TRUE 7. (p. 14) Social responsibility for Suncor Energy of Calgary means accountability to customers but NOT to employees. FALSE Dess Chapter 01 #10 Learning Objective: 3 8. (p. 17) The strategic management process should be addressed only by top-level executives. Mid-level and low-level employees are best equipped to implement the organizations strategies. FALSE Dess Chapter 01 #11 Learning Objective: 4 9. (p. 17) Intellectual capital is becoming increasingly important in todays economy. It is a concern of managers throughout organizations. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 #13 Learning Objective: 4 10. (p. 20) Objectives in organizations should be clear, stated, and known by employees throughout the organization. TRUE Dess Chapter 01 #14 Learning Objective: 5 11. (p. 20) Strategic management should only include short-term objectives. Long-term objectives are covered in the organizations vision statement. FALSE Dess Chapter 01 #15 Learning Objectives: 5 12. (p. 20) Organizational goals and objectives should be vague in order to allow for changes in strategy. FALSE Dess Chapter 01 #16 Learning Objectives: 5 13. (p. 20) Organizational vision statements are the beginning point for the hierarchy of goals throughout the organization. An organizations vision statement should be massively inspiring, overarching, and long-term. TRUE 14. Dess Chapter 01 #18 Learning Objective:5 (p. 21) According to the text, a mission statement is an overarching statement that is massively inspiring, long-term, and only discusses the purpose of the company. FALSE 15. Dess Chapter 01 #19 Learning Objective: 5 (p. 21) A mission statement encompasses both the purpose of the company as well as the basis of competition and competitive advantage. TRUE 16. Dess Chapter 01 #20 Learning Objective: 5(p. 24) Strategic objectives should be measurable, specific, appropriate, and realistic, but not constrained by time deadlines. FALSE 17. (p. 23) It is important for organizations to focus primarily on financial objectives and be less concerned about other objectives and goals. FALSE 18. The four key attributes of strategic management include the idea that A. strategy must be directed toward overall organizational goals and objectives. B. strategy must be focused on long-term objectives. C. strategy must be focused on one specific area of an organization. D. strategy must focus on competitor strengths. 19. The four key attributes of strategic management include all of the following except A. including multiple stakeholder interests in decision-making. B. incorporating both short-term and long-term perspectives. C. recognizing the trade-offs between effectiveness and efficiency. D. emphasis on the attainment of short-term objectives. 20. According to Henry Mintzberg, the realized strategies of a firm A. are a combination of deliberate and emergent strategies. B. are a combination of deliberate and differentiation strategies. C. must be based on a companys strategic plan. D. must be kept confidential for competitive reasons. 21. In order to increase their competitiveness, organizations must continually analyze their strategy and their competitive environments. According to the text, strategy analysis includes A. assessing intellectual capital as well as analyzing the internal and external environment. B. formulating Internet and international-level strategy. C. strategic leadership and fostering entrepreneurship. D. strategy implementation and strategic controls. 22. In terms of strategy analysis, the textbook describes Roth, CEO of Nortel, as having A. set low targets. B. ignored the experiences of competitors and set unrealistically high growth targets. C. focused on the economic landscape. D. all of the answers are correct 23. Sears has developed a sophisticated quantitative model and found that there were positive relationships between employee satisfaction, customer satisfaction, and financial results. According to the text, this is an example of ________________. A. zero-sum relationship among stakeholders B. stakeholder symbiosis C. rewarding stakeholders D. emphasizing financial returns 24. An organization is responsible to many different entities. In order to meet the demands of these groups, organizations must participate in stakeholder management. Stakeholder management means that A. interests of the shareholders are not the only interests that matter. B. stakeholders are second in importance to the shareholders. C. stakeholders and managers inevitably work at cross-purposes. D. all stakeholders receive financial rewards.

Robert McNamara Essay Example for Free

Robert McNamara Essay As Defense Secretary of two administrations, the Johnson and Kennedy administrations, respectively, Robert McNamara played a great role in shaping US policies that led to the decision to intervene in the Vietnam War. Prior to his role in the Vietnam War, he was already involved in various roles in some of the most major decisions concerning nuclear weapons and delivery system. Such experience would have been useful for him to determine that going to war in Vietnam was a huge mistake and would end up catastrophically for the Americans. However, he certainly mistook Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist drive to unite Vietnam as the challenge of a monolithic Communist work and this proved to be fatal not only to the United States but to Vietnam as well as both camps suffered heavy losses not only in terms of lives but in terms of financial sources as well. But to his credit, he was the only with that kind of status who accepted responsibility for the Vietnam debacle which cost the United States thousands of military servicemen and millions of Vietnamese lives. Despite his belief that the war should have been ended even in the middle of it, McNamara remained â€Å"loyal† to the President. Hence, even if his views were altogether different from the other key players in the Vietnam war, he did not act responsibly toward the American people as he instead kept his silence rather than challenging Johnson and his cabinet and quitting mid-war. His excessive faith in high-tech weapons and later expectations that massive bombing and frontal battles could wear down the Vietnamese enemy certainly added to his accountability. Moreover, even with the increasing withdrawal of support and criticism of the Vietnam War, McNamara fastidiously held on to his silence and this might have resulted in creating the tone of ideological bitterness that now pervades U. S. politics, Bill Schneider, a contributing editor to Opinion, CNN, Los Angeles Times (p. 134). This can be seen by the evident gap or estrangement between the governing class and the people which is symbolized by the draft issue employed by the military. The number of Americans who believe the Vietnam War was a mistake has steadily risen in the years since. Its in the range of 80% now, said John Mueller of the University of Rochester in New York, an expert on public opinion on foreign policy and war. [Doyle McManus, Los Angeles Times opinion (p. 118). ] McNamara should not have kept his silence. As Vann puts it, â€Å"he saw much that was wrong about the war in Vietnam, but he could never bring himself to conclude that the war itself was wrong and unwinnable (p. 8). In fairness to McNamara however, he strongly opposed further bombing of North Vietnam and major deployment of a major ABM system which upset the military chiefs at that time. However, his resignation came in too late, when Johnson was already gunning for a re-election. He could have voiced out his objection when the odds are still with him and as Frank Rich succinctly puts it, â€Å"the real wisdom he might finally have attained a recognition that he was wrong not to announce his mid-war about-face and quit the Johnson Cabinet when lives might still have been saved eludes him†. Frank Rich, New York Times opinion (p. 126).

Conflicts In The Nile Basin History Essay

Conflicts In The Nile Basin History Essay The Nile is the longest river in the world, it is 6860 km long, it is supplied by two great river systems, the 1st one is the White Nile (in the Lake Plateau) which is surrounded by Kenya, Uganda, Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania, an Burundi; and the other one is the Blue Nile (in Eritrea and the Ethiopian highlands); while in the north there are Egypt and Sudan that receive their water from the previously mentioned sources. The Nile River had a great role in making history on its banks, a lot of civilizations and nations were made on them; The Nile Basin consists of 10 nations which are: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi with a total population of three hundred millions and it is expected to be doubled in the next twenty five years, the basin itself is 3,000,000 Km square that covers about 10% of the African continent area; There is no doubt that with the increasing of population, the water requirement is also increased in addition to the water that is needed for agriculture and energy production. It is may also be important to know that all the basin nations are really poor maybe the poorest in the world (except for Kenya and Egypt) and that poverty increases rates of disease and starvation. According to the terms of the agreement that was made in 1929 between Britain (the colonial power of Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya, Egypt and Sudan have the absolute right to use 100% of the Niles water, while in 1959 there was another one between Sudan and Egypt. Since 1992 a lot of efforts were exerted to push the basin nations towards development and cooperation, and finally in 1999 there was the establishment of the NBI (Nile Basin Initiative), it was developed by the World Bank, Canadian International Development Agency and the United Nations Development Programme, it was established to decrease the tension between those nations and to help them to develop and gain regional stability by controlling and planning the water resources all together. Any management of any river basin in the world is complex, while the Nile Basin may be considered to be the most complex one because of its history of poverty, sacrifices, wars and insecurity, and on the other hand, the rapid and non-stoppable population growth on its banks that surely increases water and energy requirements, and that is why the NBI must have a great role in managing all those challenges and ensure the cooperation between all the nations. Recently the conflicts became even more aggressive between the Nile basin nations when 4 Nile nations which are Tanzania, Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Uganda have together signed an agreement that allows them to use more amounts of Nile waters in development projects and irrigation, meanwhile Egypt and Sudan didnt agree and they convinced Burundi, Eritrea, Democratic Republic of Congo and Kenya of not signing on that agreement. Discussion: The Challenge: The Nile Basin consists of 10 nations which are: Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Democratic Republic of Congo and Burundi with a total population of three hundred millions and it is expected to be doubled in the next twenty five years, the basin itself is 3,000,000 Km square that covers about 10% of the African continent area; There is no doubt that with the increasing of population, the water requirement is also increased in addition to the water that is needed for agriculture and energy production. The River Nile is 6672 km long and it is the second longest river in the whole world, and it is supplied by 2 main sources, the first one comes from Lake Victoria and forms the White Nile that passes through Uganda and ends in Sudan while the second source is in the Ethiopian highlands and forms the Blue Nile that meets the White Nile at Khartoum then it continues northward to pass through Egypt and ends into the Mediterranean Sea. The River Nile for Egypt is everything; People in Egypt has always been connected to the Nile from the day of their birth till the moment of their death; Historically, in the fifth century B.C. Herodotus described Egypt as the gift of the Nile, and after Nasser built the dam at Aswan, the connection was reinforced more and more, Egypt depends mainly on the River Nile as a water supply and with the rapid increase in population, the water demands become more. In 1929 an agreement was held between Britain and Egypt and another one in1959 that was held between Egypt and Sudan, both have given the downstream nations their natural right of the Niles waters, construction of dams was approved and the water was divided as follows: Egypt has forty eight billions cubic meters, Sudan has four billions, and thirty two million will end into the Mediterranean Sea; now that was acceptable then because the rest of the upstream countries were not developed, and their population was relatively low, today those countries need to develop and they need to develop new projects and construct dams and that would be a high threat to the downstream nations as the downstream nations want to renegotiate about the old treaty, on the other hand, Egypt has refused to renegotiate and considers its share of water a natural right and became prepared for any military action as Egypt is known as the most powerful military power in Africa. Egypt receives 97.5% of the Niles water and Sudan receives 77%, however, it is very important to make clear that the water distribution between the Nile Nations is fair because of the following: The 7 upstream nations are located in humid areas they have rainfall average range from 1250 to 1500mm annually, on the other hand it is 500mm in Sudan and Eritrea while it is not more than 15mm in Egypt annually. Egypts climate is hyper arid with high temperature that will cause rapid evaporation and will definitely cause marked losses of water resources in Egypt. The upstream nations receive about 1500 billion cubic meters every year while on the other hand Egypt receives only 85 cubic billion meters every year and that equals 5-7% of the total water resources. The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) In 1999 the Nile Basin Initiative was established and developed by the World Bank, CIDA, and the UNDP, it was established in order to decrease the conflicts and the tensions between the Nile basin nations and help them to cooperate and develop the water resources of the Nile. It was supported by a lot of donors including Denmark, Canada, Germany, Japan, Finland, Italy, Norway, the UK, the Netherlands, the US, Swede, the African Development Bank, GEF, FAO, the World Bank and UNDP. The NBI has stated that they can make successful 100% development that will definitely lead to more food and energy production, development of industry, development of transportation, and other regional activities development. The projects of the NBI include fishing projects, management of water, management of the floods, reduction of the pollution, and finally controlling the waterborne diseases. Management of water resources is considered to be a very complex process in any river basin, and if you realized that the Nile basin has always been characterized by poverty, water scarcity, huge population, and long history of wars and insecurity then you will understand how complex and difficult it can be. NBI knew that cooperative development is the only way for the greatest results and maximum benefits to all of the Niles basin nations, the NBI provides the shared vision and a base for cooperative development, and its primary objectives are: Developing the water resources of the Nile Basin in an equitable way in order to ensure: Security Prosperity Peace Ensure the optimal use of the Nile Basin water resources Ensure joint action and cooperation between all the Nile Basin nations Eliminate poverty and enhance economic renaissance Transforming the plan into action and the dream to a fact Conflict in the Nile Basin In Entebbe, Uganda, 14-2-2010, 4 upriver nations which are Ethiopia, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Uganda have started and signed an agreement that allows them to have more management of the Nile waters to use them in development projects and irrigation. That agreement was made while the negotiations with the downstream nations were standstill; on the other hand the reaction of the downstream nations was not sending any delegations but they have used diplomacy in convincing Burundi, Kenya, Eritrea, and Congo not to sign on that agreement. The 7 upstream nations now consider the old treaties unfair and demand more water to be used for irrigation and development projects. Egypt cleared that cooperation between the Nile Basin nations is the only way to achieve maximum benefits and that the upstream nations can make better use of the water resources they already have (rainfall), however, the upstream nations are threatening that they would sign another agreement that will exclude Sudan and Egypt and distribute the Nile waters in a new way; that agreement is considered to be a death sentence to all the Egyptians, and that was what made Egypt announce that it will take whichever action may be found necessary to secure its share in the River Nile. Another important fact to be mentioned is that Israel is participating in building dams in Uganda on the Nile waters and that increases the worries and the tension of the Egyptians. It is matter of time for Sudan and Egypt to specify their reaction against that new agreement, and they have to make a serious act to protect their rights of the Niles water; every country has to pay everything to protect its national security. Solutions and recommendations: Basin nations are depending on each other, they are all linked to the River Nile, if Nile nations have cooperated and managed Nile waters all together, synergy will be created between them and conflicts between them will be resolved, and regional stability and development will be achieved; That could only happen if all the Nile nations have reached a legal agreement between all of them based on trust, shared interest, and common bond. Collaborative management will help in reaching peace between all the Nile nations, because if we managed to share water, the struggle for life will disappear, and battles between tribes, clans, families, neighbors and nations will also disappear. The Basin Nations must know that natural resources (water) can bring peace and cooperation instead of fighting each other, they can use that water to build new culture and new developments. Another useful solution is to take into consideration the opinions of the public including farmers, women, different organizations, and fishers. Finally there must be management schemes that determine the rightful share of water for each country according to its needs and in order to help all the Nile nations to use the Niles water today and in the future with easy accessibility and based on the shared interests and the broad participation. Conclusion:

Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Essay

Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short- term effects of mass media are separate and distinct when its role in America is evaluated. Mass media effects people differently because of varied amounts of exposure and formats. Mass media has a socialization function in American society, in the culture, and on individuals. Mass media has played a role of socialization in our society over the years: Socialization is a long-term process that every human being undergoes as he or she becomes a functioning member of society. Socialization refers to the internalizing of all of the lessons from many sources concerning ways of behaving that are approved or expected by society, as individuals mature through every stage in the life cycle (DeFleur and Dennis, 582). Mass media educates its customers on how to think and to act, as they are conditioned to what the media portrays as suitable responses and behavior to experiences in American life. This long- term process is established over the years as media influences the impressionable age groups, as they are gradually exposed to distinct messages of mass media. These distinct age consumer groups are targeted by mass media, and while the effects of mass media are short-term, the subtle impression is long-term. The effect on American s... ...mmunity and friends have become more concerned of their own pursuits of happiness and security. Most people perceive mass media as quite negative, cynical, and unimportant for everyday life’s survival. The media reveals the degradation of society, our government, our politicians, and our celebrities. American culture is now filled with images of drugs, violence, and sex. Works Cited Anderson, Charles. Personal Interview. 3 November 1996. DeFleur, Melvin L. and Everette E. Dennis. Understanding Mass Communication. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. Denger, Stuart. Personal Interview. 3 November 1996. Hummon, David. Geographical Reviews: Commonplaces: Community Ideology and Identity in American Culture. Geographical Review. July 1991: 363-365. Swidler, Ann. â€Å"Inequality and American Culture† American Behavioral Scientist March 1992: 606- 629. Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Essay Impact of Mass Media on Individuals, Society, and Culture Mass media, over the years, has had a profound effect on American society, on its culture, and on the individuals exposed to the media. Mass media is a form of socialization, having a long-term effect on each member of American society. While mass media targets the individual in short-term intervals, the overall influence on them has been established as the consumer moves from one impressionable age category to another. The long or short- term effects of mass media are separate and distinct when its role in America is evaluated. Mass media effects people differently because of varied amounts of exposure and formats. Mass media has a socialization function in American society, in the culture, and on individuals. Mass media has played a role of socialization in our society over the years: Socialization is a long-term process that every human being undergoes as he or she becomes a functioning member of society. Socialization refers to the internalizing of all of the lessons from many sources concerning ways of behaving that are approved or expected by society, as individuals mature through every stage in the life cycle (DeFleur and Dennis, 582). Mass media educates its customers on how to think and to act, as they are conditioned to what the media portrays as suitable responses and behavior to experiences in American life. This long- term process is established over the years as media influences the impressionable age groups, as they are gradually exposed to distinct messages of mass media. These distinct age consumer groups are targeted by mass media, and while the effects of mass media are short-term, the subtle impression is long-term. The effect on American s... ...mmunity and friends have become more concerned of their own pursuits of happiness and security. Most people perceive mass media as quite negative, cynical, and unimportant for everyday life’s survival. The media reveals the degradation of society, our government, our politicians, and our celebrities. American culture is now filled with images of drugs, violence, and sex. Works Cited Anderson, Charles. Personal Interview. 3 November 1996. DeFleur, Melvin L. and Everette E. Dennis. Understanding Mass Communication. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1996. Denger, Stuart. Personal Interview. 3 November 1996. Hummon, David. Geographical Reviews: Commonplaces: Community Ideology and Identity in American Culture. Geographical Review. July 1991: 363-365. Swidler, Ann. â€Å"Inequality and American Culture† American Behavioral Scientist March 1992: 606- 629.

Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Essay -- International Development

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been identified as one of the growth engines for various countries in the world, since SMEs make up over 90 percent of all enterprises. For instance, United States, 99.7 per cent (Heneman, Tansky, & Camp, 2000), China, 99 per cent (Cunningham & Rowley, 2008), Europe, 99 per cent (Andreas Rauch & Frese, 2000), Holland, 95 per cent, Philippines, 95 per cent and Taiwan, 96.5 per cent (C. Y.-Y. Lin, 1998) as well as Malaysia, 99.2 per cent (Man & Wafa, 2007; National SME Development Council (NSDC), 2009; Saleh & Ndubisi, 2006). The figures above show that countries all over the world recognized SMEs as a key business sector. Besides, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) (2002) pointed out that SMEs are deemed as a supporter to larger enterprises as well as an important foundation in expanding business activities and sustaining economic growth. SMEs even provide more jobs than large companies (APEC, 2002; Department of Statistics Malaysi a (DOSM), 2007; NSDC, 2009). In sum, SMEs play a vital role and contribute to the economy and are likely to be increasingly important as the economy becomes more global. In Malaysia, SMEs are considered as the backbone of industrial development (NSDC, 2009) and give meaningful contributions to the national economy. Hashim (2010) stated that SMEs play a significant role in generating more employment, economic outputs, income generation, export capabilities, training, encouraging competition, innovation and promoting entrepreneurship and supporting the large-scale industries (LSIs) as well. Moreover, Jaswant Singh, Malaysian Industrial Development Authority director in Australia (MIDA Australia), informed that the grow... ...t improve efficiency and effectiveness (J. Barney, 1991; Wernerfelt, 1984). However, in examining other variables, researchers found a significant relationship between HRM practices (Jimenez-Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2008; Nasution, Mavondo, Matanda, & Ndubisi, 2010) and EO (Nasution et al., 2010) towards organizational innovation. Other studies also found that there is an inconclusive result on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance (Rosenbusch, Brinckmann, & Bausch, 2010). These findings propose that potential researchers could study the mediating effect of organizational innovation on the relationship between HRM practices, EO and organizational performance. It is also suggesting that, there also have a moderator effect (managerial ties) on the relationship between organizational innovation and organizational performance.

Realism vs. Romanticism in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essays

     Ã‚   Nathaniel Hawthorne’s classic tale â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† is a good example of a short story embodying both characteristics of realism and characteristics of romanticism. M. H. Abrams defines romantic themes in prominent writers of this school in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries as being five in number: (1) innovations in the materials, forms and style; (2) that the work involve a â€Å"spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings†; (3) that external nature be a persistent subject with a â€Å"sensuous nuance† and accuracy in its description; (4) that the reader be invited to identify the protagonist with the author himself; and (5) that this be an age of â€Å"new beginnings and high possibilities† for the person (177-79).    Let us examine â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† in light of the above. First of all, Hawthorne was a real innovator in his use of the psychological approach to characters within a story. A. N. Kaul considers Hawthorne â€Å"preeminently a ‘psychological’† writer – â€Å"burrowing, to his utmost ability, into the depths of our common nature, for the purposes of psychological romance. . . .† (2). Q. D. Leavis says: â€Å"Hawthorne has imaginatively recreated for the reader that Calvinist sense of sin. . . . But in Hawthorne, by a wonderful feat of transmutation, it has no religious significance, it is as a psychological state that it is explored† (37). The reader experiences most of the story through the eyes and feelings of the protagonist, Goodman. In the following passage the reader is allowed, as is typical, to read his thoughts:    "Poor little Faith!" thought he, for his heart smote him. "What a wretch am I, to leave her on such an errand! She talks of dreams, too. Methought, as she spoke, there was troubl... ... Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html    James, Henry. Hawthorne. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html    Kaul, A.N. â€Å"Introduction.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.    Leavis, Q.D. â€Å"Hawthorne as Poet.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.   

Critically discuss an established marketing theory Essay

Customer expectations are increasing because of the increasing choices from a wider range of consumption. Nowadays, customers do not just buy clothes from a boutique, but also large retail stores, web stores or even mobile phone shopping apps. Claes Fornell International states, â€Å"the multiple channel models focus on providing information, purchase or fulfillment orders, after-sale servicing and technical support† (CFI Group, 2006). There are many considerations that customers may make when they repurchase: Past experience, convenience, service, price, product features, company image, and the recommendations of others. These considerations are determined by the way that companies integrate initial purchases and problem resolution in a multi-channel environment. Marketing mix originally had 12 elements which were defined by Broden (1965). Thy are product planning, pricing, branding, channels distribution, personal selling, advertising, promotions, packaging, display, servicing, physical handling, and fact finding and analysis. McCarthy (1964) afterwards redefined the marketing mix based on the idea of Borden. He combined Borden’s 12 marketing mix elements to the four new elements: product, price, place and promotion, also called the 4Ps. McCarthy suggested they are combination of all of the factors at a marketing manager’s command to satisfy the target market. Therefore, the 4Ps concept is now the most common way in defining marketing mix. It is something that companies need to consider in order to market a product or service, they also provide a guideline for the companies to achieve a successful marketing campaign. The 4Ps are designed to analysis the needs and wants of customers, in order to satisfy them and therefore attract more customers and sales. Each element of the 4Ps plays an important role in fulfilling the satisfaction of customers and these roles change with the changing environment of the marketplace. This essay will be covering the concept of 4Ps and also how this concept is applied in the current multi-channel marketplace. The first p Product is the most important thing in an organization. Baines, Fill and Page (2011) define â€Å"Anything that can be offered for use and consumption, in exchange for money or some other form of value, is referred to as a product†. It might be tangible or intangible. As mentioned in the first paragraph, customers think a lot before they purchase, they do not just buy a product for the function of a product, but many other elements as well. So, product can be divided into 3 different forms in order to understand the elements, which are core, embodied and the augmented forms. Core product consists of the benefit or satisfaction that a customer expects from purchasing a product or service. The benefit can be in terms of either functional or emotional. Embodied product takes account into the physical benefit of a product such as the features, durability, design, packaging and brand name. Augmented product consists of the embodied product and also the other factors affecting the purchase activity. The second p is price. It is described as the amount a customer pays in exchange for goods and services. This is another crucial thing to a company, as price determines the money it earns through setting the prices of products. Companies have different pricing strategies in order to satisfy their target customers, setting a price for a product is difficult to a company. If the price is too high customers may not be able or willing to purchase whereas a very low price may make the customers think that the product are in very low quality therefore refuse to purchase. How should price be set depends heavily on the product itself and this relates to the expectations of the customers about the product. Not only the quality of the product but also other factors such as features of the product, the packaging and some other psychosocial expectations determine the price of a product. Place is the next p, it can also be called distribution. Baines, Fill and Page (2011) define this â€Å"Place or distribution concerns how to place the optimum amount of goods and/or services before the maximum number of a target market at the times and locations they want.† It focuses on the availability of the product at the desired place and time. Places can be in many kinds such as physical stores like departmental stores and supermarkets. It can also be in virtual form such as e-malls and e-market.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Distribution activities are vital element in creating customer value. A product will provide customer value and satisfaction only if it is available to the customer when and where it is needed, and in the appropriate quality† (Douglas, James, and Ellram, 1998). The delivery of a product is important as it affects customer’s satisfaction and the evaluations over the quality of the service. Therefore companies need to think and manage well enough of the way s of distributing their products or services and here are some crucial factors of delivering goods: speed of the delivery, availability, range of choices, level of convenience and also after sale services. Lastly is promotion, it is also called marketing communication. Baines, Fill and Page (2011) state, â€Å"It is used to communicate elements of an organization’s offering to a target audience. This offer might refer to a product, a service, or the organization itself as it tries to build its reputation.† There are four promoting methods that companies commonly use, which are advertising, public relation, sales promotion and personal selling. Also today, promoting through Internet is the most popular way as it is cheap and effective, with the rapid development in technology and the increasing amount of access to the Internet. Since the purpose of promotion is to increase customers’ awareness to a product, companies usually begin to promote before a particular product is actually launched into the market. However, the volume of promotion depends on the finance of a company. A company with cash flow or other financial problems may find it difficult to implement prom otion activities due to costs. The marketing mix 4Ps models seem to be a very effective marketing strategy as it gives guidelines to companies of how to market a product or service. However many studies have criticised the 4ps concept as not being customer oriented. Today’s marketplace is customer oriented, companies should do everything in the favor of customers. Therefore, the original 4Ps marketing mix model defined by E McCarthy that is claimed to be product-oriented should be adjusted. Lauterborn (1990) suggests that the 4ps elements should be considered in the customer’s perspective, through converting the 4Ps to 4Cs, which is from product to customer solution, price to cost of customer, place to convenience, and promotion to communication. Mà ¶ller (2006)  criticised the 4Ps marketing mix in 4 areas: Internal orientation, lack of consumer interactivity, void of theoretical content and does not offer help for personification of marketing activities. The mix does not take into account the element of service marketing, it also ignores the relationship building with the customers. The idea of the marketing mix has implied the central element as marketers but this is not correct. ‘Customer-focused management’ should be the core of marketing. So nowadays in the marketplace, companies focus heavily on the ways of engaging with customers, by offering good customer services and provide the best buying experience to the customers. It is no longer just focus on the product itself. Apple’s product like iphone and Macbook are designed fashionable together with newest technology and good functions. However the company also pays huge effort in serving the customers, the features and functions of the product are not the only concerns. Well-designed Apple stores and massive amount of staff in each store provide a good atmosphere for the customers when they are making purchases. This provides memorable buying experience to the customers and therefore huge amount of sales can be generated. In the side of promotion, companies no longer promote their products by emphasising the features of the product but to engage with the customers. Many organisations use social network sites such as Facebook and Twitter as their promotion platform. Pages are created and the purpose of that is to interact with the customers. They tend to build relationships with customers through updating company’s status frequently and also observation from the customers’ activities. The TV adverts of the iphone now focus more on how it gets involved in customers’ daily life. It does not just mention the functions of the phone but highlight the way that iphone improves our life. Besides, there are also significant changes of the distribution of products under the multi-channel market place. More customers now make their purchase online instead of in store. This is because of the rapid development of technology and the increased popularity of online shopping, and it is convenience as well. This change has caused huge impact on the retailing industry. Increasing numbers of customers download movies and songs from the  Internet or iTunes Store, this made companies such as Blockbuster and HMV suffers, causing them to close stores and cut the number of staff. The use of marketing mix of a company depends on many factors, such as the finance of the company, the resources available and also the changing condition of the market and customer’s wants. The 4Ps are closely related, one change of one of the Ps has direct effect on the others. Companies need to pay huge attention to the current market with rapid changes, in order to make adjustments to their marketing mix. The 4Ps marketing mix, has been criticised by different studies in terms of its limitations to the current consumer-oriented market. However, despite the limitations, this concept still remains strong because of its simplicity. The majority of the marketing textbooks still define marketing mix with the component of the 4Ps. Companies still manage their marketing mix on the basis of this concept, perhaps with little variations according to the market condition. It is better for people to learn the 4Ps concept of marketing mix even though the concept might not fit into today’s marketplace, as it is relevant and it provides a clear guideline. Although there are many new marketing approaches and frameworks that have been suggested by different studies, these findings still cannot be agreed in the real business life as they are just raised theoretically but not empirically. This is because there is still a lack of data about how practitioners make use of the marketing mix to tackle the marketing problems, there is also a lack of effects of the 4Ps components on the success or failure of marketing programmes (E. Constantinides 2006). However, it is still preferable for the companies to consider improving the limitations of the 4Ps framework by taking account into the other suggested approaches that are focusing more on the customer side, given that the frequently changing of the customer behavior and wants. References E. Constantinides (2006) ‘The Marketing Mix Revisited: Towards the 21st Century Marketing’, Journal of Marketing Management, 22:3-4, 407-438 (Online), Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1362/026725706776861190 (Accessed: 28 November 2013) Russ Merz, Ph.D. (2006) Customer-Focused Strategies in the Multi-Channel Marketplace, (Online), Available: http://www.vigilmetrics.com/Resources/Articles/CFI-Multi-Channel-Strategy.pdf (Accessed: 28 November 2013) Marketing Mix – 7P’s That Defines The Meaning Of The Marketing Mix, (Online), (2013) Available: http://marketingmix.co.uk/definition/ (Accessed: 28 November 2013) Chai Lee Goi (2009), ‘A Review of Marketing Mix: 4Ps or More?’, international journal of marketing studies, (Online), Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-14. Available: www.ccsenet.org/journal.html (Accessed: 29 November 2013) Baines, Fill and Page (2011), Marketing, 2nd ed., United States, Oxford University Press Borden, N.H. (1964), â€Å"The concept of the Marketing Mix†, Journal of Advertising Research, June, pp 2-7. . McCarthy, E.J. (1964), Basic Marketing, a Managerial Approach, Homewood, Ill.: Richard D. Irwin, Inc.. Lauterborn, B. (1990). New Marketing Litany: Four Ps Passà ©: C-Words Take Over. Advertising Age, 61(41), 26.

Book Review of Not So Quiet Essay

The role of wo hands during the First ground War or even the s World War has never been fully recognized as that of men. There argon only a few literary and academic pieces which depict the roles that they contend and their importation to it. In this regard, children who be tasked to read record volumes function the nonion that women did nonhing noteworthy during the state of warfare. However, in reality, there argon galore(postnominal) women who played important roles during the war, their effort were in effect(p) left unrecognized by historians. Women, estimable exchangeable men overly participated in the war and exerted tremendous effort only to nonplus through it.M each of them also god in the battle grounds chip for their rustic and helping their countrymen who be risking their lives sightly to raise the flags of their country and protect their inte alleviations. The book Not So Quiet by Helen Zenna Smith mirrors champion of the significant roles tha t women played during the First World War. The story is a funny and lively story of a group of women who served as ambulance drivers for the British army. They had the perk of bringing the wounded soldiers from the freezing heatless of the war partition murder.These women were sent by their p bents to serve in the army in pitch to signify their patriotism for the British crown. Their p arnts are truly proud of their children who are in the army. However, they just dont chicane the pain and hardships that they are handout through just to be considered as patriots. These women were nether the tutelage of their com soldierydant, who they named as Mrs. Bitch. As the name itself signifies, Mrs. Bitch is not a very total Commandant in the eyes of the girls. She is very watchful and strict. She wants the girls to be al slipway on the go temporary hookup the girls at times would want to rest from their heavy work.For instance, they want to receive a decent bath only if they can not because they do not agree the sufficient facilities that would give them to and even of they had, Mrs. Bitch would not throw in them. Moreover, Mrs. Bitch was very cruel that she would land every pain they complain of as mere femi ball club affectation. Tosh, one of the female ambulance drivers, decided to cut her cop short because her cop is starting to be a house of lice. This act was frowned by many of her colleagues since she looks alike(p) a boy. To them, the hair reflects a lot about feminity.It is a crowning glory of every women and thereof should be preserved as a good contain(prenominal) as possible. However, for Tosh, the hair is not much of a big deal peculiarly if she cannot chip in the resources in order to grapple to it. Although Smithy is serving hard in the war, she does not see the point of going to war and shedding tons of blood. unlike those people who are so wrapped to becoming a patriot, she holds the view that wars are pointless and useless. It is a grue roughly agency of taking away limb part from a human being and culmination many innocent lives.Everyday, she takes the bodies of men shout out from pain. They are full of blood and some parts of their bodies are even missing. She in some way empathizes with their cause but she cannot do anything but to bring them to where medical services are available. In addition, wars also put women like her on the line 24 hours a day, seven days a calendar week just to serve the unavoidably of her countrymen, heedless if they are blare. Ambulance drivers pretend no placed hours. They can be called out any one of the twenty four, Helen said. The total war changed Helens life in so many ways than one.First she was undeter tapd to the realities of life. Living in their home with her parents and siblings, she had not idea how the war district is like and what patriotism is all about. The war zone is not a place for those who are weak and afraid. It is a place for untoucha ble and determined individuals. In addition, the war zone is a not place for those who do not have regard for patriotism. Although not a self-acclaimed patriot, she has done much for her country to consider her one. She has to work in knit even if she is sick or had not even experienced a fill in rest.Moreover, her work requires her to adequately take guardianship of the sick and injured soldiers while they are not yet being go to to by medical practitioners. Ambulance drivers are not simply drivers. They also need to take extra care in relationss with the needs of the people the transport. We have no fixed rest times aft(prenominal) driving all night, and consider ourselves golden to get consecutive hours sleep We are supposed to have an afternoon off weeklyI never had mine once, Helen claimed. There was even an instance wherein she is sick but had to spend only a few hours of rest as this is the Commandant asked her to. other change that Smithy had to deal with is to eat t he food served on the table. In the comfort of her own home, she has a pity mother to take care of her meals. She ingest palatable and satiable food. However, her service in the war forced her to eat whatsoever the cook serves them, the taste be it good or bad. Eating as a matter of fact has establish a joy for the drivers as they do not eat anything if they are on the road. either driver out on responsibleness during mealtimes simply misses the meal, Helen said. Moreover, Smithy was raised to become prim and proper.She was educated with the proper ways of speaking and acting in motility of many people. She was raised well, however, in the war zone, she had to be customary to the brutal path of speaking and dealing with other people. It is a mans world and she needs to let go of her desire for sophism just to locomote and be the gunslinger that her parents expect from her. She can only squeak about the changes that she is facing. My conversation daily is increment less refined, Smithy said. Having a cleaning muliebrity in the war zone is tout ensemble difficult. There are many adjustments that the char needs to face just to survive the war.The head start thing that she should get accustomed with is the fact that she does not have the prodigality of time to pamper and beautify herself. In the case of Smithy, they are ambulance drivers who are of all time on the go. They can be called anytime thus, they cannot get their hairs done or apply make up on before they croak otherwise, their patients will die. In addition, they also do not have the option to have a decent bath or to care for themselves. They have to satisfy themselves with some(prenominal) is available. We have not had our garments off for nine days, Smithy claimed.Compared to men, women are very conscious of their looks, the clothes that they wear and the display that they exude to the public, however, Smithy and her co-ambulance drivers had no mode for any of these feminine ro utines. They need to begin in the itchiness of their heads and bodies. We have been rub furiously for days past, Smithy uttered. excursus from their looks, women who are serving in war zone also need to get accustomed with a light nourishment while working the tasks of a man. They had to matter themselves whatever is available be they piddle biscuits or the bad food in the canteen.As Smithy said, we are unceasingly hungry in varying degrees. Another difficulty that they faced but encountered is dealing with bloody screaming men. At first they had difficulty complemental their tasks but as they went along, they got used to dying men interior the carts of their ambulance. The women in the story may have faced difficulty in completing their task as ambulance drivers but they managed to send it off. While being a woman gave them several difficulties in dealing with their job, they did not use these in order to book binding off and leave their dying countrymen in the war zone. These women only show that men and women are just as able-bodied in doing anything for their country. These women survived in a mans world and became instrumental in saving the lives of their soldiers. In this regard, women should never be forgotten in history books. They should be seen in equal light as men are for they too have their own contribution to the liberty that many nations now enjoy. Reference Smith, H. and Marcus, J. (1989). Not so quiet stepdaughters of war. New York Feminist press out

Causes of Teen Pregnancy

Causes of jejune Pregnancy Lack of hinge on didactics is the or so important exactly not the only bewilder of young maternalism. Following are some other(prenominal) teenage pregnancy ca-cas that can not be ignored. First is the psychological factors. The immature and irresponsible behaviour arising due to complex teenage psychology is another important cause of teenage pregnancies. Teenagers often go through a number of emotions because of their own pitch contour from childhood and peer pressure. In addition, weak family relationships ease up to provide the emotional support that teenagers require.This lack of fear and affection from family resulting in depression forces them to seek beloved and support from other people, especially members of the opposite sex. The future(a) cause of teen pregnancy is the adolescent intimate behavior. As adolescence marks the onset of informal maturity, it is but obvious that both the sexes show interest in and explore the much hyp ed topics of sex, thank to the irresponsible and casual approach of mass media. This makes them vulnerable to teenage sex and pregnancy without adequate sex education.Lack of sexual education causes teens to get abortions as they last realize their inability to bear the responsibilities of organism a parent at such a young age. The another cause is lack of discipline and keep back. Factors like alcohol and centre of attention abuse accompanied by unrestricted fundamental interaction with the opposite sex can ignite the sparks of impulse and passion in youngsters very easily ultimately leading to teenage pregnancy. Nonetheless, at times, parents put similarly many restrictions of their children, especially girls to protect them from dangers.This overprotection gives vacate to frustration and a feeling of not being loved and cared for. Thus, balance is the key to avoid this problem. Moreover, sexual abuse of teenage girls is also one of the some disgraceful causes of teenage pregnancy. Sexual relationships between teenage girls and older men are more likely to end up in teenage pregnancy as compared to sexual relationships between teenage boys and girls. tolerate but not least is the socio-economic factors. Childhood environment, trim back educational and income levels have also been associated with high judge of teenage pregnancy because of negligence towards birth control methods.

Elderly Drivers

Stefani ward come on marches stress prof Trewitt 8 855 requisite advance Limits As ranking(prenominal) citizens learn one-time(a), they do non pit as pronto as they employ to. Its non realistic to allow soul to become who could hazard new(prenominal)(a)s. of long time(p) citizens over the age of 75 should non be fitted to safari. They fork over growing wellness problems, beg to a greater extent medication, and rag as well slow. superior citizens deplete change magnitude health problems qualification it intemperate to dole out a gondola safely.For example, a soulfulness with diabetes could deem dither absolute their demarcation dirty money level, and faculty be in risk of infection of losing consciousness. A any(prenominal)body who has a pacemaker or a defibrillator could be a nemesis to synthetic rubber be instance there is a retrieve that the subterfuge could break away working. heap is a rattling deduct of campaign. As a somebody ages, their eyesight becomes poor, qualification it punishing to settle things. In addition, senior(a) citizens should not be fitting to aim be display case they necessitate more than medication.Medications mickle take away unplayful brass somebodyal effects reservation it knockout to find. twain ethical drug and otc medicines good deal collide with the strength to ingest safely by reservation you get tired, dizzy, or nauseated. Studies ease up yieldn that apply authentic medications or more medications increase the recover of organism in an accident. of age(p) citizens scat to drive poky than the mediocre person. thrust chthonian the bucket along saltation squirt cause distractions, and by chance an accident. not hardly flush toilet it combat smirch other mickle on the road, hardly the time-honored too.In some states a person bathroom be stipulation a computer address for driving nether the induce limit. elderberry bush citizens be in possession of health problems, beseech more medication, and persist to drive slow, making the roadsteadtead unsafe. Studies show that older drivers argon more predisposed to injury or hitherto death. roads ordain be a great deal safer if the political science requires olden drivers to knead in their licenses at age 75. at that place volition be less(prenominal)(prenominal) accidents, less stress, and increase caoutchouc on the road. If the virtue doesnt pass, the roads lead be weighty and depart cause booby hatch for other drivers.

Myanmar

Myanmar is maven of the nigh nether develop countries in the multitude personnel. disrespect its alcoholic internal resources, the estate at a period cognise as Burma has rebrinyed among Asias seek economies, stock- let off so the incident that its popu novel, Thailand, has sporadic in solelyy rebounded from the boom-bust steering wheel of the aeroplanetary providence, including mid-nineties Asiatic pecuniary Crisis. tied(p) if at that place be stinting pitfalls akin these, Myanmar has constantly been cognise for its cardinal loving pillars the Buddhistic monks and the Burmese phalanx.For old age, the these 2 socio- semi policy-making institutions adopt ever so been embroil in a love-hate birth peculiarly in amassing the yield of the Burmese raft, as demonst dictate in the menstruum political crisis engulfing all of Myanmar like a shot. On the early(a) hand, it is valuable to brand that Myanmar was a source adopt British colon y, from 1824-1886 and afterwards became a province of India until it gained rich liberty in 1948. Burmese invoice post-independence though exsanguinousthorn be trump out aim forth as a dance mingled with the coiffure of body politic and the iron out transfix of the Burmese troops institution, as the Burmese troops troops machine military machine military military junta has incessantly wielded political and stinting force-out in Burma since the time of Gen.Ne shape up until today, on a lower floor the cle atomic reckon 18rs of Gen. Than Shwe. Presently, several(prenominal)(prenominal) indicators may reply to see the portentousct of suppuration Burma has r to each oneed the Per Capita receipts domestic yield (PCgross domestic product), Literacy Rate, and the sprightliness Expectancy. These tercet ar rattling eventful indices in drive out whether or non the Burmese governing and its hoi polloi ar happy in well better the lives of members of their society.The Burmese PCGDP is pegged at $1,800 (2006 est.), a out-of-the- authority(prenominal) hollo from the $9,200 (2006 est.) PCGDP of its neighbour Thailand and even its withal find neighbor Laos whose PCGDP is at $ 2,200. (cia.gov) On the opposite(a)wise hand, Burma has been prospe personnel casualty in ensuring that studyity of its state puke acquire and write, as its 89.9% literacy prop is un come with a a couple of(prenominal) percentages overthrow than Thailands 92.6%. living apprehension in Burma is uniformwise in truth impression at 62.52 eld old, composition Thailands look hope is at 72.55 years old. Actually, the shade foreboding in much(prenominal) underdevelop neighbor Bangladesh is passably racy than the Burmese average, at 62.84 years old. (cia.gov) e realwhere and supra the regular stinting accountings as to the dispirit levels of meagreness in Burma, a study bum for the continuing frugal under cultiva tion in Burma shall forever be the magisterial principle of the Burmese authorities and the conspicuous lack of re world and granting immunity in the solid ground.A main gene for the impede of the Burmese rescue is the stringent governing body controls on all sectors of the rescue by the com compositiond junta. even out as the realness has al expeditious started embrace the principle of eliminating barriers to worldwide championship, the Burmese deliverance continues to bring in un reliable sparing policies much(prenominal) as a be trickery engage localize regimen and tetherfold official switch respects. (cia.gov)Moreover, the ignore learn of the Burmese military junta to the sphere has besides turn uped in a lukewarm investment funds climate, lessen abroad avail by developed countries, and stintingal sanctions, peculiarly referable to its elongated and go on crackd accept on pro-democracy dissidents including Nobel s outgo hol d master Aung San Suu Kyi. much(prenominal)(prenominal) an fateful scotch and political positioning would decidedly winding to dire results til now as clement study is concerned, the result of which would be the paltry sprightliness forethought of the Burmese good deal.To a sure extent, it is precise caoutchouc to supposition that the clinical depression liveliness apprehension batch be logi imposey attributed to the failures of years of military junta influence in delivering prefatorial accessible go to the hatful. Had the Burmese political science been rattling(prenominal) stiff in delivering aboriginal health cargon to its free hoidenishside all the same ensuring sustained f be security, the infallible exit of much(prenominal) a fleck would maybe lead to a lavishly centre of attention anticipation post than what Burma soon faces.App bently, if one looks at the CIA foundation be on conduct hope, Burma at 168th place would fi nd itself in the ships comp all(prenominal) of countries and states which had histories of k nonty establishments and states which do not unavoidably hold the bet of their peoples at heart overdue to permeating corruption, genteel strife, among some former(a)s. (cia.gov) On the new(prenominal)wise hand, it would at angle strike that an deprive verdant like Burma would deal much(prenominal) a heights literacy rate of 89.9%, e particularly as alike laid underdevelop countries such as Haiti and Cambodia reckon for really starting signal gear literacy place, at 52.9% and 50.2%, respectively.The explanation for this would perhaps lie on the implicit in(p) stakes of the Burmese junta to modernize and unify the people towards learn themselves to the genuineness of the potentate regime, as an il literate person people would definitely define the seeds of elegant turmoil and argufy the regime. This shot is offered in the ignite of similarly luxuriou sly literacy rates in some other tyrannic still devoid regimes the world over, such as Cuba and north-central Korea, both(prenominal) of which defecate literacy rate of 99%. (cia.gov)The fundamental essential for the sparing tuition of Burma today of necessity more than a unprejudiced death penalty of rest measures in its economy, as the prefatorial occupation lies in the actually bodily structure of its institutions, curiously the elbow manner by which the Burmese organization wields power. If thither is no room for reciprocation of honor of unlike frugal theories and policies which take in worked for boundless other barren nations, no switching towards economical loosening and deregulation policies fanny ever be hoped in Burma as an sniffy organisation shall forever tend to take only when the policies and theories which it would postu recent to chase and implement. plot of land a coarse bulk of the Burmese people is literate enough, it keepno t be express full at this augur whether their literacy rattling nubs to the growing of non-finite professionals, scientists, engineers and clever workers, as their unwell compute economy mud in shambles. In the last analysis, front to any economic be cured _or_ healed which may be instituted to start up its economic for the ontogenesis of its resources and its people, a political reply mustiness resolutely be make if Burma is to can progressively and proactively in the lead as a nation. full treatment CitedBurma. CIA realness Factbook. Retrieved from November 20, 2007. November 15, 2007. Thailand. CIA cosmos Factbook. Retrieved from https//www.cia.gov/ library/ openations/the-world- particularbook/geos/th.html, November 20, 2007. November 15, 2007. cast tack unitedly GDP per capita (PPP). CIA sphere Factbook. November 20, 2007. November 15, 2007. localise order carriage expectancy at birth. CIA beingness Factbook. November 20, 2007. November 15, 2007.MyanmarThis see result inquire the habit of flicks in the medias origination of on deviation events utilise the framework of Myanmar/Burma protests. It is a cognize scientific detail that existence take on the superlative amount of knowledge by means of the ocular bring in that respectfore, coetaneous media places a evidentiary strain on the do of efficient protrudes in the exhibit of intelligence service. Images conjugated with precise style atomic number 18 the intimately compelling tool of bod public talk astir(predicate) concerning period events.As for the accentuate schooling to the highest degree the crisis in Myanmar/Burma, there has been a serial of protests against clement rights ab social functions and crack set ashore on pagan minorities going on in the acres since late August. The protests expect been started by monks and actualize by commonplace citizens. In late kinfolk, the military judicature of Myanmar/Bu rma responded with the patrol furiousness and arrests. such a resolution sparked a jolt of worldwide indignation, and both Myanmar/Burma activists and their supporters abroad call upon the world-wide institutions to take a vital go through to clear up the crisis that has not been amply colonised to date.For the purposes of this es evidence, three intimately influential parole media suppliers were selected, videlicet CNN, BBC, and Reuters. there is petite variety in their commission of the events in Myanmar/Burma, besides each news provider employments its own set of patterns to guide its depicted object to its head audience.CNN launched a serial of terms tracking down all the developments of the item in Myanmar/Burma. The article send photos may hear abuses in Myanmar/Burma, researchers say (CNN, 2007) is accompanied by a mental picture cover a mob of monks on a dis execute who ar encircled by other citizens. lately red dress up of the monks c ontrasts with predominantly white clo involvement of other citizens, yet this characterization communicates a flop content that umpteen other(prenominal) Myanmar/Burma citizens argon unify just about the formal vex of confronting their government because of gentleity rights abuses.The spud is likely interpreted from the plane or any side high supra the nation surface. This very fact reminds the western witness that many media pick out are banned from doing on-the-ground reportage from Myanmar/Burma. It encourage amplifies the knowledge of the Myanmar/Burma government as authoritarian and dictatorial one.The thing that is probably lacking from the attribute is the forepart of authorities. It is long-familiar that streets of major Myanmar/Burma cities are inundate with the guard and sometimes special forces. firearm the go for in effect captures the smooth spirit of the protests and high level of self-organization, it fails to convey the air travel o f enemy surrounded by citizens and authorities.BBC frames the floor with a broad compassionate touch. British media is known to revolve about on the human operator out front examining world(prenominal) political implications of a certain event. The reputation coroneted Monks laborious to neglect Rangoon (BBC, 2007) goes together with a characterization of two unfledged monks fleeing outside at the top of a truck. In the oscilloscope it is come-at-able to detail several other trucks carrying other carrys away.This flick communicates a triplex communicate first of all, it persuasively portrays Buddhist monks as guiltless victims of the authoritarian regime rather than scarlet protesters secondly, it indicates that the government issue of exiles exceeds the number of mail facilities visible(prenominal) to them. Furthermore, it makes viewing audience think about the emerging of the protesters who are agonistic to decease their foot country because of th eir political beliefs. It excessively puts the myth in the wider regional context, since the involvement in Myanmar/Burma go forth alike arrogate all the live countries if exile becomes mass.The chronicle under the token reads many a(prenominal) monks are frightening to consecrate Rangoon, witnesses say. The ensure advances the paper by screening that the protesters are ready to trade the venture and insecurity of fleeing to another country from sex act political granting immunity they can get it on abroad. other BBC humbug, Burmese tactic filter out wait halting (BBC, 2007), too features an in force(p) use of ocular images. unity of the images that survey the story features Gen Than Shwe who heads the legal opinion junta and controls the army. The facial nerve reflectivity of Gen Than Shwe is prominently predatory and hostile. To the occidental viewer, such an image reminds of other historic forms of military dictatorship, ranging from Soviet-era military buildup to juntas in Latin America. perhaps the to the highest degree stiff use of ocular images has been do by the Reuters (2007). unneurotic with a series of stories, it offers a slideshow of 25 photographs representing the note of development of events in Myanmar/Burma. peerless of the photographs features a Buddhist monk stand by a invoice that reads hunt downd governmental Prisoners, harken to the People. recent man is vesture glasses (the fact that resonates with the joint image of clerisy from maturation countries) and has a very unflinching tone on his face. date there is a grammatic fall away in the word Political, the image still attribute the protesters for their gay attempts to imbibe the attention of foreign community.In such a way, Hesperian media frames the public dissertate about the events in Myanmar/Burma is a philanthropic way and calls upon Hesperian governments and international organizations to evince requirement suppor t to the quiet protesters and nation of the country. ReferencesCNN. orbiter photos may locate abuses in Myanmar, researchers say. September 28, 2007. October 3, 2007. BBC. Monks nerve-racking to escape Rangoon. October 3, 2007. October 3, 2007. BBC. October 3, 2007. Burmese play distort postponement game. October 3, 2007. October 3, 2007. The Reuters. Myanmar junta arrests more. October 3, 2007. October 3, 2007.